The Importance of First Aid Training among the Childcare School Staff
Parents totally entrust their children to the childcare schools. They rely on the teachers as their second parents in the institute forlearning. They know for a fact that their educators will want no harm to come their way. While they are busy working, they fully believe that their little kids are well cared for. On the other hand, the teachers have the responsibility to keep an eye on their students. They should make sure that they are comfortable and secured within the four walls of their school. This then calls for their ability to handle even the most stressful situations. So much more, the school staff has to be equipped with the first aid training.
Why the Training is a Must
By nature, kids are hard to contain in one place. They are most of the times messy and playful. This therefore lets them end up getting wounds and injuries that vary from the petty up to the serious ones. There are cases when some of them find it difficult to breathe especially if they have medically related illnesses. When the school staff doesn't have any background or so in administering first aid, then the institution often ends up being sued by the fuming parents.
If there is any person or better yet a couple of people who are certified to perform CPR and the rest of the first aid techniques, instances like attacks of asthma, diabetes, seizures, and choking can be handled effectively. CPR or cardiopulmonary resuscitation is known to be one of the lifesaving techniques. Someone who knows how to correctly administer it can work on reviving the victim while the medical team service has not arrived yet. Thus, instead of risking the lives of the children, the knowledge in first aid can save them.
The Nature of the First Aid Training Courses
The very goal of the first aid course is not confined to educating the learners of the necessary skills that will promote the saving of lives. It is likewise focused on emphasizing the preventive measures that can lessen the occurrence of accidents. Those who are encouraged to take up the course include the childcare providers such as babysitters and teachers. They are the people with whom the little kids are going to spend most of their time with so they better get learned on how to properly handle them.
The training course basically includes the teaching of the simplest instructions, the body of theories, and those hands-on interactions which will give the feeling of a real-life scenario. The courses are therefore provided by qualified and licensed trainers who will guide you in every step.
Why You have to Consider Signing Up for the Course
Take note that you are a childcare provider. Apart from your educational background, you need an updated training on how you will confidently and safely survive the most terrible situations involving mishaps among children. There are different kinds of emergency situations that may confront you. Little children may trip, fall, break their bones, get injured, be attacked by their medical illness, or worst, have difficulty in breathing. If you are trained on how to apply first aid and most importantly that of the CPR, you can become the person of the hour and save the day. Hence, you can save lives and be free from the curse of the annoyed parents.
Why the Training is a Must
By nature, kids are hard to contain in one place. They are most of the times messy and playful. This therefore lets them end up getting wounds and injuries that vary from the petty up to the serious ones. There are cases when some of them find it difficult to breathe especially if they have medically related illnesses. When the school staff doesn't have any background or so in administering first aid, then the institution often ends up being sued by the fuming parents.
If there is any person or better yet a couple of people who are certified to perform CPR and the rest of the first aid techniques, instances like attacks of asthma, diabetes, seizures, and choking can be handled effectively. CPR or cardiopulmonary resuscitation is known to be one of the lifesaving techniques. Someone who knows how to correctly administer it can work on reviving the victim while the medical team service has not arrived yet. Thus, instead of risking the lives of the children, the knowledge in first aid can save them.
The Nature of the First Aid Training Courses
The very goal of the first aid course is not confined to educating the learners of the necessary skills that will promote the saving of lives. It is likewise focused on emphasizing the preventive measures that can lessen the occurrence of accidents. Those who are encouraged to take up the course include the childcare providers such as babysitters and teachers. They are the people with whom the little kids are going to spend most of their time with so they better get learned on how to properly handle them.
The training course basically includes the teaching of the simplest instructions, the body of theories, and those hands-on interactions which will give the feeling of a real-life scenario. The courses are therefore provided by qualified and licensed trainers who will guide you in every step.
Why You have to Consider Signing Up for the Course
Take note that you are a childcare provider. Apart from your educational background, you need an updated training on how you will confidently and safely survive the most terrible situations involving mishaps among children. There are different kinds of emergency situations that may confront you. Little children may trip, fall, break their bones, get injured, be attacked by their medical illness, or worst, have difficulty in breathing. If you are trained on how to apply first aid and most importantly that of the CPR, you can become the person of the hour and save the day. Hence, you can save lives and be free from the curse of the annoyed parents.
The first aid means by definition assuring the first aids to the wounded persons, to the accident victims and to the patients.
It requires of this purchased of the appropriate knowledge and the gestures adapted according to the situations. What not improvise not and arrests that by a specific learning which requires an appropriate forming.
The first aid being a value translating the solidarity, the public-spiritedness and the citizenship in the sense of the conservation of the life, to discuss it aims at teaching the young people better to do face an accident and essentially to learn how to carry help and especially how to provoke the specialized help.
It is so by no means question to teach to the pupils the program of forming in the first aids but rather to make them acquire behavior allowing acting effectively in front of a situation of danger.
1- Why to make sensitive the picture framers of Health Clubs?
Through the access of the subject of the techniques of first aid, we hope to influence favorably the picture framers of the young people in the breast and except the educational establishments for:
1. • Adhere completely and become aware of all the importance and the place to be given to this behavior humanitarian.
2. • Make sensitive in turn the pupils in the interest of the first aids in the school environment and in the daily life.
3. • Unity the pupils to face effectively emergency situations, being able to be met in school environment or somewhere else without making for all that it at once professional first-aid workers. Indeed, to carry and, or to provoke help if necessary is in the all ported.
2-How to proceed? In the perspective of the forming of a first-aid worker by class (objective of the Tunisian Education Ministry ) and by family (objective of the health Ministry , the state-financed civilian rescue organization and the movement Red growing cross since its creation), the school and more specifically the picture framers of the Clubs of Health appear as the most indicated to involve in a network of exchange and communication in school environment(middle) with the other colleagues and\or the persons considered (first-aid workers, teams of school health, EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE, State-financed civilian rescue organization, Red Croissant...) and to resort to a specific forming in first aid to form or, at least, to make sensitive in turn their pupils - the members at first, then the others-. It will allow to strengthen the links and the exchanges among - picture framers - Team of school health - The other teachers - The persons competent resources in this domain. This IEC' s network (Information, Education, communication) will facilitate the implementation of the forming to the first gestures of help in association with the Centers of Education of the Emergency care ( CESU), the State-financed civilian rescue organization ( PC ) and the Tunisian Red Croissant ( CRT) which are all inclined to answer the demands of the interested establishments.
3-The notion of establishment Project
It is important that the made sensitive picture framers and especially those formed define with their pupils and the administration of their establishment, the project of sensitization and\or forming for which it is necessary that every speaker and beneficiary adheres actively. Institutions resources known quoted being also capable of contributing actively to the elaboration of these projects of establishments which should answer the objectives:
1. - Pupils and picture framer
2. - Of the establishment
3. - The Education and
4. - Of the Health
It will be so an excellent exercise to gather all the speakers around an at the same moment intrinsic action in the establishment and extrinsic. The elaboration and the application of such a project, will allow to the Health Clubs to envisage in the future the other domains of application of the projects of establishment for, by and with the pupils. On the occasion of this strategy, it will be useful to invite the teams of health school and the pupils members to the health clubs to involve in the management of limp immediately and with pharmacy of their establishment:
1. - The access in pharmacy limps should be always possible for all the teachers during working schedules, given that the accidents can arise at any time.
2. -The team school medical should make a periodic control of products contained in her pharmacy limps to proceed to the check of the availability of products according to the official list, their modalities of
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Necessary Dengue Fever Precautions
Dengue [DEN-ghee] is a flu-like viral disease spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal, complication of dengue.
Dengue occurs in most tropical areas of the world. Most U.S. cases occur in travelers returning from abroad, but the dengue risk is increasing for persons living along the Texas-Mexico border and in other parts of the southern United States.
There is no specific treatment for dengue.
Prevention centers on avoiding mosquito bites in areas where dengue occurs or might occur and eliminating breeding sites.
What is dengue fever? What is dengue hemorrhagic fever?
Dengue fever is a flu-like illness spread by the bite of an infected mosquito.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a severe, often fatal, complication of dengue fever.
Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever are caused by any of the dengue family of viruses. Infection with one virus does not protect a person against infection with another.
Dengue is spread by the bite of an Aedesmosquito. The mosquito transmits the disease by biting an infected person and then biting someone else.
Dengue viruses occur in most tropical areas of the world. Dengue is common in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, Australia, and the Americas. It is widespread in the Caribbean basin. Dengue is most common in cities but can be found in rural areas. It is rarely found in mountainous areas above 4,000 feet.
The mosquitoes that transmit dengue live among humans and breed in discarded tires, flower pots, old oil drums, and water storage containers close to human dwellings. Unlike the mosquitoes that cause malaria, dengue mosquitoes bite during the day.
Dengue fever usually starts suddenly with a high fever, rash, severe headache, pain behind the eyes, and muscle and joint pain. The severity of the joint pain has given dengue the name "breakbone fever." Nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite are common. A rash usually appears 3 to 4 days after the start of the fever. The illness can last up to 10 days, but complete recovery can take as long as a month. Older children and adults are usually sicker than young children.
Most dengue infections result in relatively mild illness, but some can progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever. With dengue hemorrhagic fever, the blood vessels start to leak and cause bleeding from the nose, mouth, and gums. Bruising can be a sign of bleeding inside the body. Without prompt treatment, the blood vessels can collapse, causing shock(dengue shock syndrome). Dengue hemorrhagic fever is fatal in about 5 percent of cases, mostly among children and young adults.The time between the bite of a mosquito carrying dengue virus and the start of symptoms averages 4 to 6 days, with a range of 3 to 14 days. An infected person cannot spread the infection to other persons but can be a source of dengue virus for mosquitoes for about 6 days.
Dengue is diagnosed by a blood test.
Anyone who is bitten by an infected mosquito can get dengue fever. Risk factors for dengue hemorrhagic fever include a person's age and immune status, as well as the type of infecting virus. Persons who were previously infected with one or more types of dengue virus are thought to be at greater risk for developing dengue hemorrhagic fever if infected again.
There is no specific treatment for dengue. Persons with dengue fever should rest and drink plenty of fluids. They should be kept away from mosquitoes for the protection of others. Dengue hemorrhagic fever is treated by replacing lost fluids. Some patients need transfusions to control bleeding.
In tropical countries around the world, dengue is one of the most common viral diseases spread to humans by mosquitoes. Tens of millions of cases of dengue fever and up to hundreds of thousands of cases of dengue hemorrhagic fever occur each year.
In the United States, approximately 100 cases of dengue are reported each year in travelers returning from tropical areas. Many more cases probably go unreported. A few persons have become infected with dengue while living in the United States. Aedes mosquitoes are found in Texas, Florida, and other southern states, and locally acquired dengue has been reported three times since 1980 in southern Texas.Yes. All types of dengue virus are re-emerging worldwide and causing larger and more frequent epidemics, especially in cities in the tropics. The emergence of dengue as a major public health problem has been most dramatic in the western hemisphere. Dengue fever has reached epidemic levels in Central America and is threatening the United States.
Several factors are contributing to the resurgence of dengue fever:No effective mosquito control efforts are underway in most countries with dengue.
Public health systems to detect and control epidemics are deteriorating around the world.
Rapid growth of cities in tropical countries has led to overcrowding, urban decay, and substandard sanitation, allowing more mosquitoes to live closer to more people.
The increase in non-biodegradable plastic packaging and discarded tires is creating new breeding sites for mosquitoes.
Increased jet air travel is helping people infected with dengue viruses to move easily from city to city.
Dengue hemorrhagic fever is also on the rise. Persons who have been infected with one or more forms of dengue virus are at greater risk for the more severe disease. With the increase in all types of virus, the occurrence of dengue hemorrhagic fever becomes more likely.
There is no vaccine to prevent dengue. Prevention centers on avoiding mosquito bites when traveling to areas where dengue occurs and when in U.S. areas, especially along the Texas-Mexico border, where dengue might occur. Eliminating mosquito breeding sites in these areas is another key prevention measure.
Avoid mosquito bites when traveling in tropical areas:Use mosquito repellents on skin and clothing.
When outdoors during times that mosquitoes are biting, wear long-sleeved shirts and long pants tucked into socks.
Avoid heavily populated residential areas.
When indoors, stay in air-conditioned or screened areas. Use bednets if sleeping areas are not screened or air-conditioned.
If you have symptoms of dengue, report your travel history to your doctor.
Eliminate mosquito breeding sites in areas where dengue might occur:
Eliminate mosquito breeding sites around homes. Discard items that can collect rain or run-off water, especially old tires.
Regularly change the water in outdoor bird baths and pet and animal water containers.
Precautions to prevent dengue fever are far better than getting infected. With some necessary dengue fever precautions one can get rid of it and can easily deal with dengue virus before its deadly affect.What is Dengue Fever?
Dengue fever also known as breakbone fever is a serious viral disease transmitted by the bite of Aedes albopictus mosquito. Dengue is inflicted in two forms: dengue fever and the dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF).
Dengue fever is yet severe but does not cause death whereas in Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) bleeding from nose starts and is a fatal disease leading to death if not cured on time.
Where Does Aedes Albopictus Mosquito Found?
Aedes Albopictus Mosquito causes dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever. It breeds in small openings, leaf axils, flower and plants pots, discarded tyres, old oil drums, animal drinking water pots and potentially in stagnant and all water storage containers near human dwellings.
Aedes albopictus mosquito bites during day unlike the malaria mosquito.
Symptoms of Dengue Fever
Symptoms of dengue fever vary with age of the patient such as infant and young children get a measles-like rash with high fever whereas older children and adults get mild illness, severe headache, sore eye, body pain, vomiting, appetite loss and nausea along fever. In DHF bleeding and shocks also occur.
Dengue Fever Precautions
Avoiding mosquitoes bite is the major precaution against dengue fever. People should take following necessary precautions to combat dengue fever before it gets in body:
- Keep home, environment and surrounding hygiene
- Remove all stagnant water and containers
- Keep all drains well maintained and repair all chokes
- Avoid accumulation of ground water
- Fill up all defective grounds
- Don’t store water
- Avoid unnecessary irrigation
- Cover all containers properly
- Change flower vase water once a week to prevent dengue mosquito breeding there
- Wrap all unused plastic tyres
- Regularly change water in animal drinking containers
- Use mosquito repellents to avoid mosquito bite
- Use mosquito screen to prevent mosquito attack
- Use aerosols and mosquito coils to kill mosquitoes
- Wear long sleeve and fully covered clothes
- Use mosquitoes net around bed while sleeping
Patient infected by dengue fever must follow these measures:
- Get a blood test by microbiological laboratory
- Take plenty of water and cold fluids
- Bath in cold water and place ice bag over abdomen and head
- Don’t take aspirin
- Get proper medical checkup
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Improve Your Math Skills With An Electric Jolt To Your Brain*
With just 15 minutes of a barely perceptible electric current passed through the brain, scientists at the University of Oxford have succeeded in improving a person’s math abilities with an effect lasting as long as six months. Using a non-invasive method known as transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS), the scientists passed a mild electric current through the skull into the brain’s parietal lobe, where numbers are processed.
Patients were asked to learn new symbols to represent numbers, then, while they were on TDCS, they attempted to organize the numbers. Participants whose brains were being stimulated demonstrated an improved ability to perform the task. The amazing part is that, when tested again six months later, they retained their higher performance level. The current helps the affected nerves to fire more quickly, making it easier to learn information.
The next trials will involve patients who have lower-than-average number processing skills, and Oxford scientists hope to one day develop a device to deliver TDCS. While it may be some time before such brain-zapping is widely administered, this treatment could help the significant portion of the population (nearly 20 percent) with moderate to severe math disability, and possibly those with difficulty in other subjects as well.
* Do not zap your brain with electricity except under professional supervision.
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Building a Math Foundation
Building a Math Foundation
A solid math foundation is vital for children to succeed.Without solid math skills, children will probably have a lot of trouble in school and afterwards.Students with weak basic math skills find the subject increasingly confusing and difficult (and get poor grades). You might notice that your child starts to develop math anxiety. When a child develops a solid math foundation, you'll be amazed at how the stress caused by poor math skills disappears. You might even hear your child say that math is fun!
Building a solid foundation in math requires a systematic approach. Too many children do not get the broad introduction and ongoing practice that builds confidence and deep understanding. The primary mistakes that parents make in teaching/coaching math are:
- having too narrow a focus. Parents tend to overemphasize arithmetic and overlook the other math areas.
- reviewing math concepts out of sequence.
* Number Sense and Operations - Arithmetic and place value.
* Algebra - From the youngest age, learning to recognize patterns and sets ("pick the small red fish") creates the groundwork for working with unknowns and algebraic variables.
* Geometry and Spatial Sense - When children build on their knowledge of basic shapes, they increase their ability to reason spatially, read maps, visualize objects in space, and eventually use geometry to solve problems.
* Data Analysis and Probability - Using charts, tables, and graphs will help children learn to share and organize information about the world around them.
What is Time4Learning?
Time4Learning.com is an online subscription site popular forhomeschooling, afterschool, and summer use. As an example, let’s survey how this curriculum builds a a broad math foundation through the shifting it’s focus among these diverse math strands.Foundation Building - PreSchool and Kindergarten Math –The preschool program combines language arts andpreschool math into one integrated learning sequence. It starts with the basics such as following simple instructions given verbally by cartoon characters such as "Click on the Crayon". Once the children are interacting successfully, they will learn through a fun set of learning games the basic concepts such as similar and different, quantity, sequence, comparisons, and shapes. Notice that the focus is on learning about sets and features which is pre-algebra. The features and patterns get more complicated and basic geometry is introduced. Then at the end of preschool and in the kindergarten math program, the concepts of comparative quantity and greater and less than are introduced. The focus is not on the simple question of having the kids learn to count up to ten although it is taught.
The Basics of Arithmetic – First to Third Grade Math –Advancing to first grade children will turn their primary focus to numbers and operations. They will learn to add and subtract numbers to one hundred. First grade math will include learning more about geometrical figures and objects, measurement of length, weight, capacity, time, and temperature, use of money, graphs and charts used for data analysis and prediction, and algebraic patterns. In second grade math children will compare and order whole numbers to one thousand, they will group objects into hundreds, tens and ones, relating the groupings to a written numeral. In numbers up to 1000, the children should know the place value of any designated digit. Second grade math introduces fractions. By the end of second grade and in thethird grade math program, reinforcing math skills met in previous years, children will move on to a more rigorous structure. Third grade word problems can combine multiple skills in the same problem. Children will work with numbers through the hundred-thousands or more. They learn about decimals in the context of money and get experience with fractions up to 100. Third grade math opens them up to a greater understanding of measurement techniques, geometry and algebraic thinking. It will be a challenging year as they are presented with many new and complex concepts.
Not Just Arithmetic – Fourth and Fifth Grade Math –The major math strands for the fourth grade math curriculum are number sense and operations, algebra, geometry and spatial sense, measurement, and data analysis and probability. This year they are expected to know basic multiplication and division. They will recognize that two fractions are equivalent or non-equivalent and learn to add and subtract fractions using drawings, story problems and algorithms. During fourth grade, math students use a wide variety of tools and procedures to measure length, area, volume, and perimeter. They investigate angle measures, learning about the common angles of 45°, 90°, and 180° (straight angle). They'll learn to use these angles as reference for measurement of other angles. During fifth grade math, students master the concepts and mechanics of multiplication and division including the commutative, associative and distributive properties. They are expected to learn to factor and recognize prime numbers to 100 and recognize squares. Fifth grade math students are taught to find factors of numbers including the rules of divisibility and to determine if they are prime or composite. They express whole numbers as products of prime factors and determine the greatest common factor or the least common multiple of two numbers up to 100 or more. In fifth grade they multiply by powers of 10, demonstrating patterns. They identify and apply rules of divisibility for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10, and use models to identify perfect squares to 144.
Sixth to Eight Grade Math – More sophisticated geometry, problems, and algebraIn sixth grade math, students build on what they learned in fifth grade math, which led them to the decimal base-10 number system, finding factors of numbers to 100, and multiplication of decimals to hundredths. They compare decimals to fractions, and add, subtract, multiply and divide decimals and fractions. It will be an exciting year full of new, complex math concepts. During seventh grade mathchildren learn about decimals, percents, exponents, scientific notation, ratios, and square roots. Seventh grade math opens them up to a greater understanding of measurement techniques, geometry and algebraic thinking. In eighth grade math, students work with positive and negative numbers, exponents, and the order of operations, as well as scientific and standard notation. They learn more about working with whole numbers, fractions, mixed numbers, decimals, and integers.
Summary
There are many successful approaches to curriculum from hands-on applied mathematics to strict standards-based education. However, all the best curriculum take a broad approach to the math curriculum and struggle to provide a coherent sequence with ongoing review and reinforcement of previously-learned skills and concepts. Time4Learning'smath curriculum provides a good example of how to broadly develop skills through the elementary and middle school years.
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Building a Math Foundation
Building a Math FoundationA solid math foundation is vital for children to succeed.Without solid math skills, children will probably have a lot of trouble in school and afterwards.Students with weak basic math skills find the subject increasingly confusing and difficult (and get poor grades). You might notice that your child starts to develop math anxiety. When a child develops a solid math foundation, you'll be amazed at how the stress caused by poor math skills disappears. You might even hear your child say that math is fun! Building a solid foundation in math requires a systematic approach. Too many children do not get the broad introduction and ongoing practice that builds confidence and deep understanding. The primary mistakes that parents make in teaching/coaching math are:
* Number Sense and Operations - Arithmetic and place value. * Algebra - From the youngest age, learning to recognize patterns and sets ("pick the small red fish") creates the groundwork for working with unknowns and algebraic variables. * Geometry and Spatial Sense - When children build on their knowledge of basic shapes, they increase their ability to reason spatially, read maps, visualize objects in space, and eventually use geometry to solve problems. * Data Analysis and Probability - Using charts, tables, and graphs will help children learn to share and organize information about the world around them. What is Time4Learning? Time4Learning.com is an online subscription site popular forhomeschooling, afterschool, and summer use. As an example, let’s survey how this curriculum builds a a broad math foundation through the shifting it’s focus among these diverse math strands.Foundation Building - PreSchool and Kindergarten Math –The preschool program combines language arts andpreschool math into one integrated learning sequence. It starts with the basics such as following simple instructions given verbally by cartoon characters such as "Click on the Crayon". Once the children are interacting successfully, they will learn through a fun set of learning games the basic concepts such as similar and different, quantity, sequence, comparisons, and shapes. Notice that the focus is on learning about sets and features which is pre-algebra. The features and patterns get more complicated and basic geometry is introduced. Then at the end of preschool and in the kindergarten math program, the concepts of comparative quantity and greater and less than are introduced. The focus is not on the simple question of having the kids learn to count up to ten although it is taught. The Basics of Arithmetic – First to Third Grade Math –Advancing to first grade children will turn their primary focus to numbers and operations. They will learn to add and subtract numbers to one hundred. First grade math will include learning more about geometrical figures and objects, measurement of length, weight, capacity, time, and temperature, use of money, graphs and charts used for data analysis and prediction, and algebraic patterns. In second grade math children will compare and order whole numbers to one thousand, they will group objects into hundreds, tens and ones, relating the groupings to a written numeral. In numbers up to 1000, the children should know the place value of any designated digit. Second grade math introduces fractions. By the end of second grade and in thethird grade math program, reinforcing math skills met in previous years, children will move on to a more rigorous structure. Third grade word problems can combine multiple skills in the same problem. Children will work with numbers through the hundred-thousands or more. They learn about decimals in the context of money and get experience with fractions up to 100. Third grade math opens them up to a greater understanding of measurement techniques, geometry and algebraic thinking. It will be a challenging year as they are presented with many new and complex concepts. Not Just Arithmetic – Fourth and Fifth Grade Math –The major math strands for the fourth grade math curriculum are number sense and operations, algebra, geometry and spatial sense, measurement, and data analysis and probability. This year they are expected to know basic multiplication and division. They will recognize that two fractions are equivalent or non-equivalent and learn to add and subtract fractions using drawings, story problems and algorithms. During fourth grade, math students use a wide variety of tools and procedures to measure length, area, volume, and perimeter. They investigate angle measures, learning about the common angles of 45°, 90°, and 180° (straight angle). They'll learn to use these angles as reference for measurement of other angles. During fifth grade math, students master the concepts and mechanics of multiplication and division including the commutative, associative and distributive properties. They are expected to learn to factor and recognize prime numbers to 100 and recognize squares. Fifth grade math students are taught to find factors of numbers including the rules of divisibility and to determine if they are prime or composite. They express whole numbers as products of prime factors and determine the greatest common factor or the least common multiple of two numbers up to 100 or more. In fifth grade they multiply by powers of 10, demonstrating patterns. They identify and apply rules of divisibility for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10, and use models to identify perfect squares to 144. Sixth to Eight Grade Math – More sophisticated geometry, problems, and algebraIn sixth grade math, students build on what they learned in fifth grade math, which led them to the decimal base-10 number system, finding factors of numbers to 100, and multiplication of decimals to hundredths. They compare decimals to fractions, and add, subtract, multiply and divide decimals and fractions. It will be an exciting year full of new, complex math concepts. During seventh grade mathchildren learn about decimals, percents, exponents, scientific notation, ratios, and square roots. Seventh grade math opens them up to a greater understanding of measurement techniques, geometry and algebraic thinking. In eighth grade math, students work with positive and negative numbers, exponents, and the order of operations, as well as scientific and standard notation. They learn more about working with whole numbers, fractions, mixed numbers, decimals, and integers. Summary There are many successful approaches to curriculum from hands-on applied mathematics to strict standards-based education. However, all the best curriculum take a broad approach to the math curriculum and struggle to provide a coherent sequence with ongoing review and reinforcement of previously-learned skills and concepts. Time4Learning'smath curriculum provides a good example of how to broadly develop skills through the elementary and middle school years. |
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Building a Math Foundation
Building a Math FoundationA solid math foundation is vital for children to succeed.Without solid math skills, children will probably have a lot of trouble in school and afterwards.Students with weak basic math skills find the subject increasingly confusing and difficult (and get poor grades). You might notice that your child starts to develop math anxiety. When a child develops a solid math foundation, you'll be amazed at how the stress caused by poor math skills disappears. You might even hear your child say that math is fun! Building a solid foundation in math requires a systematic approach. Too many children do not get the broad introduction and ongoing practice that builds confidence and deep understanding. The primary mistakes that parents make in teaching/coaching math are:
* Number Sense and Operations - Arithmetic and place value. * Algebra - From the youngest age, learning to recognize patterns and sets ("pick the small red fish") creates the groundwork for working with unknowns and algebraic variables. * Geometry and Spatial Sense - When children build on their knowledge of basic shapes, they increase their ability to reason spatially, read maps, visualize objects in space, and eventually use geometry to solve problems. * Data Analysis and Probability - Using charts, tables, and graphs will help children learn to share and organize information about the world around them. What is Time4Learning? Time4Learning.com is an online subscription site popular forhomeschooling, afterschool, and summer use. As an example, let’s survey how this curriculum builds a a broad math foundation through the shifting it’s focus among these diverse math strands.Foundation Building - PreSchool and Kindergarten Math –The preschool program combines language arts andpreschool math into one integrated learning sequence. It starts with the basics such as following simple instructions given verbally by cartoon characters such as "Click on the Crayon". Once the children are interacting successfully, they will learn through a fun set of learning games the basic concepts such as similar and different, quantity, sequence, comparisons, and shapes. Notice that the focus is on learning about sets and features which is pre-algebra. The features and patterns get more complicated and basic geometry is introduced. Then at the end of preschool and in the kindergarten math program, the concepts of comparative quantity and greater and less than are introduced. The focus is not on the simple question of having the kids learn to count up to ten although it is taught. The Basics of Arithmetic – First to Third Grade Math –Advancing to first grade children will turn their primary focus to numbers and operations. They will learn to add and subtract numbers to one hundred. First grade math will include learning more about geometrical figures and objects, measurement of length, weight, capacity, time, and temperature, use of money, graphs and charts used for data analysis and prediction, and algebraic patterns. In second grade math children will compare and order whole numbers to one thousand, they will group objects into hundreds, tens and ones, relating the groupings to a written numeral. In numbers up to 1000, the children should know the place value of any designated digit. Second grade math introduces fractions. By the end of second grade and in thethird grade math program, reinforcing math skills met in previous years, children will move on to a more rigorous structure. Third grade word problems can combine multiple skills in the same problem. Children will work with numbers through the hundred-thousands or more. They learn about decimals in the context of money and get experience with fractions up to 100. Third grade math opens them up to a greater understanding of measurement techniques, geometry and algebraic thinking. It will be a challenging year as they are presented with many new and complex concepts. Not Just Arithmetic – Fourth and Fifth Grade Math –The major math strands for the fourth grade math curriculum are number sense and operations, algebra, geometry and spatial sense, measurement, and data analysis and probability. This year they are expected to know basic multiplication and division. They will recognize that two fractions are equivalent or non-equivalent and learn to add and subtract fractions using drawings, story problems and algorithms. During fourth grade, math students use a wide variety of tools and procedures to measure length, area, volume, and perimeter. They investigate angle measures, learning about the common angles of 45°, 90°, and 180° (straight angle). They'll learn to use these angles as reference for measurement of other angles. During fifth grade math, students master the concepts and mechanics of multiplication and division including the commutative, associative and distributive properties. They are expected to learn to factor and recognize prime numbers to 100 and recognize squares. Fifth grade math students are taught to find factors of numbers including the rules of divisibility and to determine if they are prime or composite. They express whole numbers as products of prime factors and determine the greatest common factor or the least common multiple of two numbers up to 100 or more. In fifth grade they multiply by powers of 10, demonstrating patterns. They identify and apply rules of divisibility for 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 10, and use models to identify perfect squares to 144. Sixth to Eight Grade Math – More sophisticated geometry, problems, and algebraIn sixth grade math, students build on what they learned in fifth grade math, which led them to the decimal base-10 number system, finding factors of numbers to 100, and multiplication of decimals to hundredths. They compare decimals to fractions, and add, subtract, multiply and divide decimals and fractions. It will be an exciting year full of new, complex math concepts. During seventh grade mathchildren learn about decimals, percents, exponents, scientific notation, ratios, and square roots. Seventh grade math opens them up to a greater understanding of measurement techniques, geometry and algebraic thinking. In eighth grade math, students work with positive and negative numbers, exponents, and the order of operations, as well as scientific and standard notation. They learn more about working with whole numbers, fractions, mixed numbers, decimals, and integers. Summary There are many successful approaches to curriculum from hands-on applied mathematics to strict standards-based education. However, all the best curriculum take a broad approach to the math curriculum and struggle to provide a coherent sequence with ongoing review and reinforcement of previously-learned skills and concepts. Time4Learning'smath curriculum provides a good example of how to broadly develop skills through the elementary and middle school years. |
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basic terms used in mathematics
some of the most important mathematical terms with their
explanations are given below:
Basic math glossary-
A define words beginning with the letter A
Absolute value: Distance of a number from zero
Acute angle: An angle whose measure is less than 90 degrees
Acute triangle: A triangle that has three acute angles
Addend: Of the numbers being added in an addition problem.
Addition: Finding a sum of two or more numbers
Angle: Two rays with the same endpoint or vertex
Area: The amount of space inside a shape or a two-dimensional figure, measured in square units
Average: The number obtained as a result of adding two or more quantities and dividing the sum by the numbers of quantities
Axis: One of the reference lines in a coordinate system
B define words beginning with the letter B
b: This letter is an abbreviation for b
Bar graph: A graph that make use of bars in order to give a visual representation that can be used compare data or amounts of sizes
Base: In a polygon, the base represents one side of a polygon used to find area
Base: In percentage the base represents the amount you are taking a part or percent of
Base: In multiplication with exponents, the base represents the number being multiplied or a factor
Bisect: In geometry, bisect is the process by which one uses a ruler and a compass to cut an angle in half
C define words beginning with the letter C
Capacity: The amount a container or a unit will hold when full
Centimeter: A measure of length equal to the width a a large paper clip
Circle: A plane figure whose points are located at a fixed distance from the center.
Circle graph: A pictorial way to compare amounts using circles or segments of a circle.
Circumference: The perimeter or distance around a circle.
Commission: The amount of the total money paid for a service.
Common denominator: Common multiple of one or two denominators located at a fixed distance from the centre.
Common factors: For two numbers, the common factor is a number that can divide the two numbers evenly
Comparison: Comparing two numbers to see which is the larger.
Composite number: A number that has more than 2 factors.
Cone: A solid figure with a circular based plane, connected to a point called the vertex.
Conversion: The action of changing a unit to a different unit of measure.
Conversion factor: A number you multiply by to change to another unit of measure.
Cross product: The answer obtained by multiplying the numerator of one fraction by the denominator of another fraction.
Cube: A prism with square sides and faces
Currency: Money.
Currency: Ordinary or usual.
Cylinder: A solid figure with two congruent circular bases that is parallel.
D define words beginning with the letter D
Data: Information that we collect
Decimal places: The positions to the right of the decimal point
Decimal number: All numbers in the base10 number system that has one or more numbers in the decimal places.
Decimal point: In a decimal number, it is a period that is used to separate the whole number from the numbers in the decimal places
Degree: A measure of angles. It is equal to 1/360 of a circle The amount a container or a unit will hold when full
Denominator: In a fraction, It is the number below the fraction bar
Diameter: The distance across a circle through the center
Difference: The answer to a subtraction problem.
Digit: Any of the symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9.
Dimensions: Length, width, or height of the size of an geometric figure
Discount: A reduction made from the regular price
Discount rate: The percent that the price is reduced
Dividend: The number being divided
Divisibility: Able to be divided evenly
Divisible: Able to be divided without a remainder
Division: The process of dividing two numbers to find how many times one number is contained into another number
Divisor: The number by which you are dividing
E define words beginning with the letter E
Equation: Two mathematical expressions that are separated by an equal sign
Equidistant: Same distance
Equilateral triangle: A triangle that has three equal sides
Equivalent fractions: Fractions that are equal in values but have different numerators and denominators.
Estimate: An approximation for the real value.
Exponent: The number that tells how many times the base is multiplied by itself.
Even number: A number that has no remainder when divided by 2.
F define words beginning with the letter F
Face: Any of the plane surfaces of a solid
Factor: A number that is being multiplied in a multiplication problem
Fibonacci numbers : A sequence in which, except for the first and the second number, each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers.
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8....
Figure: A two or three-dimensional figure such as a square, a cube, or a sphere.
Finite: Finite means that you’re set, may it be numbers or objects, has an end or definable limits.
Fluid ounce: One-sixteenth of a pint
Formula: mathematical equation that states a general fact, principle, or rule.
Fraction: A part of a whole number.
Fractional form: A number expressed as a fraction
G define words beginning with the letter G
g: g is an abbreviation for gram.
Gallon: A unit of liquid capacity that is equal to 4 quarts or 3.785 liters
GCF: An abbreviation for greatest common factor
Geometry: The study of size and shape of points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solid figures
Gram: A measure of mass that is approximately equal to the weight of a paper clip, penny, or nickel
Graph: A visual display of information
Greater than: Bigger or larger than
Greatest common factor: The largest factor of two or more numbers.
Greatest common divisor: The greatest factor that divides two or more numbers evenly. The greatest common factor is called greatest common divisor if it is used to simplify fractions
H defines words beginning with the letter H
h: h is an abbreviation for height.
Height: The distance from bottom to top.
Heptagon: A polygon that has seven sides.
Hexagon: A polygon with six angles and six sides.
Hexagonal prism: A prism that has hexagonal faces.
Histogram: A histogram is a graphical way to display information or data using bar.
Horizontal: A line that has no slope.
Horizontal axis: One of the axes in the coordinate system that has a slope of zero.
Hypotenuse: The longest side in a right triangle. The longest side is the one opposite to the right angle.
I define words beginning with the letter I
Improper fraction: A fraction with a bigger numerator than a denominator.
Infinite: With no end or limit.
Integers: The set of all whole numbers and their opposites.
Intersecting lines:Lines that meet or cross in the same plane.
Invert: In a fraction, it means to switch the position of the numerator with the denominator.
For example, inverting 2/5 gives 5/2
Irrational number: A number that cannot be expressed as a fraction.
For example, square-root (2) and square-root (3) are irrational number because they cannot b written as a fraction.
Isosceles triangles: A triangle that has two equal sides.
K defines words beginning with the letter K
kg: An abbreviation for kilogram.
Kilogram: The measure of mass that is equal to 1000 grams or has a weight approximately equal to 1 liter of water or 4 rolls of quarters.
Kiloliter: The measure of capacity that is equal to 1000 liters or approximately to a small wading pool.
Kilometer: A measure of distance that is equal to 1000 meters,a little more than half a mile, or about five city blocks
kL: An abbreviation for kiloliter.
Km: An abbreviation for kilometer.
km2: square kilometer. It is also equal to 1,000,000 square meter
L defines words beginning with the letter L
l: An abbreviation for length.
L: An abbreviation for liter.
LCD: An abbreviation for least common denominator.
LCM: An abbreviation for least common multiple.
Least common denominator: The smallest denominator that is a multiple of two or more denominators.
Least common multiple: The smallest number that two or more number will divide.
Length: The distance from end to end.
Less than: Smaller than.
Like denominators: Fractions with the same denominators. When fractions have the same denominator, they are called like fractions
Length: The distance from end to end.
Linear equation: An equation whose graph is a straight line.
Linear measurement: Measurement of distance or length.
Line graph: A graph made up line segments that are connected together.
Line segment: Part of a line with two endpoints
List price: Regular price of an item.
Liter: A measure of capacity that is equal to that of a coffee can or a little bit more than one-fourth of a gallon .
M defines words beginning with the letter M
m: An abbreviation for meter.
m2: square meter.
m3: cubic meter.
Map distance: The distance or length between two points when measured on a map.
Mass: The quantity of matter in an object.
Mean: Also known as average, it is calculated by adding all numbers in a set divided by the total number of numbers in the set.
Median: The middle number when a set is put in order from least to greatest or from greatest to least. When there are two numbers in the middle, it is found by taking the average of the two numbers.
Meter: A measure of length that is equal to the height of a doorknob.
Metric system: A measurement system based on powers of 10
mg: An abbreviation for milligram.
Midpoint: A point on a segment that divides the segment into two equal parts.
Milligram: A measure of mass that is equal to 1/10 of a grain of rice.
Minimum: Smallest.
Milliliter: A measure of capacity that is equal to that of an eye dropper
Millimeter: A measure of length that is equal to the width of a grain of rice approximately.
Minus: Subtract
Mixed number: A number that is written as a fraction and a whole number.
Mode: In set of data, it is the item(s) that appear(s) more often
ML: An abbreviation for milliliter.
Mm: An abbreviation for millimeter
mm2: square millimeter
mm3: cubic millimeter.
Multiple bar graph: A graph with more than one type of bar
Multiple: The product of a number by a whole number.
Multiplication: The process of adding a number by itself many times.
Multiplicative inverse: The multiplicative inverse of a number is the reciprocal of the number.
N defines words beginning with the letter N
n: A letter than can be used to stand for an unknown number.
Natural numbers: The number 1 and any other number obtained by adding 1 repeatedly.
Negative exponent: An exponent that is less than 0.
Negative integer: A whole number less than 0.
Negative number: A number that is less than 0.
Nth root of a number: A number multiplied by itself n times to get the number.
Number line: A line whose points are real numbers
Numerator: The number above the fraction bar.
Numeral: Related to numbers.
O defines words beginning with the letter O
Oblique angle: An angle that is not a right angle, which means the angle can be acute or obtuse.
Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is bigger than 90 degrees.
Obtuse triangle: A triangle with one obtuse angle.
Octagon: A polygon with 8 sides and 8 angles.
Negative number: A number that is less than 0.
Odd number: A number that cannot be divided evenly by 2.
Open statement: Also known as open sentence, it is an equation that is neither true or false. For example, n + 6 = 9 is an open statement because we do not know n. Therefore, we have no clue if it is true or false
Order: Sequence from smallest to largest.
Ordered pair: The x and y values that give the location of point in a coordinate system.
Origin: The point where the x-axis and the y-axis intersect with coordinates (0,0).
Ounce: A unit of weight equal to 1/16 of a pound
P defines words beginning with the letter P
Parallel lines: Lines that never intersect or cross one another on a plane.
Parallelogram: A quadrilateral with two pairs of equal and parallel sides.
Partial product: In a multiplication problem with at least two digits, it is the answer obtained when we multiply a digit in the first number by every digit in the other number.
Pentagon: A polygon with 5 sides.
Percent: Part per one hundred.
Percentage: The answer obtained after a number is multiplied by a percent.
Perimeter: The distance around the outside of a closed figure
Perpendicular lines: Lines that form 4 right angles when they meet or intersect.
Pi: The ratio of the perimeter of a circle to the diameter.
Pictograph: A graph that make use of pictures to display information.
Pint: A measure of liquid capacity that is equal to 16 fluid ounces
Place value: The value of the place of a digit in a number.
Plane: A flat surface that extends forever in all directions.
Point: A location in space represented by a dot.
Polygon: A closed geometric figure with at least 3 sides.
Positive integer: A whole number bigger than 0.
Power of ten: The product of multiplying ten by itself one or more times. For example, 105 is the product of multiplying 10 by itself 5 times.
Thus, 105 = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 × 10
Prefix: In the metric system, it is a set of letters placed before a unit to form new words.
Previous balance: In consumer math, it is the amount owed before a payment is made
Prime factorization: A number written as the product of its prime factors only.
Prime number: A number than can be divided evenly only by one and the number itself.
Principal: Amount borrowed or invested.
Product: The answer to a multiplication problem
Proper fraction: A fraction with a smaller numerator than a denominator.
Proportion: two equal ratios.
Protractor: A geometric instrument used to measure or draw angles.
Pyramid: A solid figure that has triangular sides and a base that is a polygon
Q defines words beginning with the letter Q
Quadrant: One of the four parts of Cartesian coordinate system.
Quadrilateral: A polygon that has four sides.
Quadruple: To make four times as big.
Quart: A measure of liquid capacity that is equal to two pints.
Quintic: A polynomial that has a degree of five. For example, x5 + 4x3 - 6 is a quintic. Note that the degree is a term with the highest exponent
Quotient: The answer to a division problem.
R defines words beginning with the letter R
Radius: The distance from the center of a circle to the edge of a circle.
Rate: Rate means percent.
Rate of commission: A percent used to calculate the commission.
Rate of interest: A percent charged when borrowing money.
Ratio: The comparison of two numbers using division
Ray: A line with a beginning point but no endpoint.
Real distance: As opposed to distance on a map, it is the actual distance between two locations.
Rectangle: A parallelogram with four right angles.
Rectangular prism: A prism that has rectangular faces
Reflex angle: An angle whose measure is bigger than 180 degrees, but less than 360 degrees.
Remainder: The amount left over when a number does not divide another number evenly.
Rectangle: A parallelogram with four right angles.
Repeating decimal: A decimal where the same series of digits repeat
Rhombus: A parallelogram with four equal sides and opposite angles that are equal.
Right angle: An angle whose measure is 90 degrees.
Right triangle: A triangle with one right angle.
Rhombus: A parallelogram with four equal sides and opposite angles that are equal.
S define words beginning with the letter S
Sales tax: Tax paid when buying an item.
Scale: The ratio of the actual size to the size on a map.
Scale drawing: Shrinking or enlarging the actual size of an object.
Scalene triangle: A triangle with no equal sides.
Scatter gram: Also known as scatter plot, it is the set of points plotted on a coordinate system whose coordinates represent the values of two variables.
Scientific notation: A number between one and 10 multiplied by a power of ten
Secant of a circle: A line that intersects a circle in exactly two points
Sector: A part of a circle bounded by two radii.
Segment: A line with a beginning point and an endpoint.
Simplest form: A fraction in which the numerator and the denominator have been reduced until there is no common factor bigger than one between them.
Simplify: To express in simplest form.
Skew lines: Lines in space that are not on the same plane (or are not coplanar) and never meet.
Sphere: A solid figure that has a curved surface like a soccer ball in which all points on the surface are at the same distance from the center. Examples of sphere are the earth, a soccer ball, a ping pong ball, etc...
Sprocket: A wheel that has teeth and pulling a chain.
Square: A rectangle with 4 equal sides.
Square unit: A measure of area.
Straight angle: An angle that measures 180 degrees. A straight angle looks like a straight line
Subtraction: The arithmetic operation of taking away an amount from another to get the difference.
Sum: The answer to an addition problem.
T defines words beginning with the letter T
Tax rate: The percent charged as tax.
Tip: The amount of money paid for a service.
Tip rate: The percent paid as tip.
Transversal: A line that cuts or intersect at least two other lines.
Trapezoid: A quadrilateral that has one pair of parallel sides and one pair non-parallel sides.
Triangle: A polygon with three sides.
Triangular prism: A prism with triangular faces.
Tree diagram: A diagram displaying the different outcomes of an experiment.
U defines words beginning with the letter U
Unit: A quantity used as standard in measurement. For example, we have units of capacity, mass, time, and weight
Unit price: Price paid for each unit.
Unknown term: The number that is missing in a proportion.
Unlike denominators: Different denominators.
Unlike terms: Terms with different variables and/or different exponents.
V defines words beginning with the letter V
Variable: A letter that is used to stand for an unknown number.
Vertex: The point where two rays intersect.
Vertical: Going straight up or down as opposed to going from left to right or from right to left.
Vertical axis: In the Cartesian coordinate system, it is the vertical line, or the one called y-axis.
Volume: A measurement of capacity that measures the number of cubit units in a container.
W define words beginning with the letter W
w: w is an abbreviation for width.
Weight: A measure of how heavy an object is.
Whole numbers: Whole numbers include the natural numbers and 0, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,...
Width: The distance across or the measure of how wide something is.
X defines words beginning with the letter X
x-axis: The horizontal number line that passes through the origin in the Cartesian coordinate system.
X-coordinate: In an ordered pair, it is the first value that describes the location of points in the Cartesian coordinate system.
X-intercept: It is the x value or coordinates where a line or curve crosses the x-axis. In this situation, the y-value is always equal to zero
Y defines words beginning with the letter Y
Y-axis: The vertical number line that passes through the origin in the Cartesian coordinate system.
X-coordinate: In an ordered pair, it is the second value that describes the location of points in the Cartesian coordinate system.
Y-intercept: It is the y value or coordinates where a line or curve crosses the y-axis. In this situation, the x-value is always equal to zero
Z defines words beginning with the letter Z
Zero: The first whole number. It has the property that every number added to it equal the number.
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